Hand Weapons on ships
From FEInfobase
Thinking about events during the war got me pondering how hand weapons are distributed on Starfleet ships, on the Reagan each seat on the bridge has a hand phaser clipped to the underside of it allowing the Bridge officers to quickly repel an attempted boarding.
For more punch there is a weapons cabinet in the Captains ready room, behind a large picture which can be swivelled up and out of the way. This cabinet contains several phaser rifles and a few projectile based weapons for fighting the Borg. Additionally this cabinet contains the Captains betleH.
Else where on the ship people rely on the kind of weapons cabinets seen on the Enterprise during First Contact and on 3 large armouries all located in different areas of the ship.
Critical areas such as Engineering have their own weapons lockers containing hand phasers and phaser rifles. The department head in charge of those areas may choose to have hand phasers holstered beneath the chairs as you would find on the bridge.